The Consequences Of Global Warming Research Paper

The Consequences Of Global Warming - Research Paper Example The climatic changes have led to disruptions and different animals react differently. A report by IPCC (2007) shows that the climatic change affects predator/prey interactions, biotic interactions, and ecosystem functioning. In addition, natural disturbances, invasive species, and loss of habitats are among the stressors of the animal population that may continue increasing with climatic changes. According to this report, climatic temperatures may rise in the following years to unmanageable degrees leading to mass extinctions. Since the industrialization era, carbon dies oxide has increased by 30% while methane has doubled. Nitrous Oxide, which is also another greenhouse gas, has risen by 15%. All these gases have enhanced the heat-trapping capability in the atmosphere. In the year 1950, the carbon dies oxide parts per million was around 350 compared to the year 2000 when the figure rose to 385 parts per million. This means these gases were absorbing a lot of heat while the rest refl ected back to the global atmosphere. The change in temperatures cause the climate changes and increases the frequency, extent, and strength of other weather effects like floods, droughts, heat waves among others. Research shows that, by the year 2100, the temperatures will have increased by 2-5%, while the rise in sea level will have gone up by 25 feet. The melting land-ice triggers the rise in the sea height.The Kyoto protocol took effect in 2005 with the United States has withdrawn from the treaty, with Canada and Russia the following suit.

Foreign Policy Forum Simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign Policy Forum Simulation - Essay Example The country appears split on its part at the global stage. This is seen through the various arguments that have been presented by members of government, through their political parties. In one simulation, Prime Minister Steven Harper presents the case for Canada to maintain its stature as a warrior nation. He argues that going back to the peacekeeping days hinder security efforts that the country has carried out through interventions such as Afghanistan. Similarly, peacekeeping efforts would be a hindrance to Canadian national interests. Harper presents his Conservative Party’s position that the primary role of government is to protect national sovereignty. Avoidance of peacekeeping efforts would allow the country to assert its own agenda at the global stage. Similarly, it would allow Canada to reassert its glorious military history (Beeksma 45). However, the New Democratic Party differs with the Prime Minister’s positioning of the country. They feel that peacekeeping e fforts should serve as the foundation of Canadian foreign policy. The opposition has presented the argument that avoidance of peacekeeping and humanitarian efforts has sunk the country’s importance at the global stage. Dewar explains that, the country has sunk from first to fifty-second in the global rank for peacekeeping nations (Raycraft 78). ... A country’s values are often ingrained in the views of its people. In that regard, Dorn states that peacekeeping operations have now become part of the Canadian national identity. Similarly, they have been celebrated as ‘part of what Canada is as a nation, and Canadians are as people’ (Dorn 7--32). Harper has also explained the same. He states that Canada advocates for right and good for the world. Harper portrays the nation as a confident partner, courageous warrior and a compassionate neighbor. These values are ingrained into its agenda on global peacekeeping efforts. The UN secretary general has also presented Canadian values as part of its image. He has presented the country as ‘the champion of the responsibility to protect’. From the simulations and other literature, it appears that an overwhelmingly partisan view has developed on the Canadian image. Most views hold that the country should be present in all peacekeeping efforts. This is seen from the citizenry to people from other nations. The NDP views that the nation should be committed to humanitarian and peacekeeping efforts as has happened in the past. In his presentations, Ban Ki moon has commended Canadian contributions in the past. In that respect, he has advocated a renewal to these past efforts. Similarly, Dewar has advocated continued participation by Canadian personnel in peacekeeping and humanitarian efforts, in troubled areas. It is, therefore, seen that most of the world has developed a partisan image on the Canadian position on peacekeeping efforts. It has been presented that peacekeeping efforts are part of Canadian values. This image has slowly become part of the national worldview. The representation has,

Effect of Globalization and Commercialization on Sports

Effect of Globalization and Commercialization on Sports â€Å" Critically evaluate how globalizing and commercial forces have influenced sports generally and football especially. You should also include in your analysis the influence of globilization and commercialization on the management and governance of organizations in light of Stewart and Smith’s (1999) unique features of sport. You should discuss the implications of these changes on the management of sporting organizations. You must be critical rather than descriptive in your analysis and refer to theory wherever possible† This paper seeks to present how commercialization and globalization have affected sports industry in our days and how sport managers have to respond to these two factors. Sports always were concerning human communities, and were at the centre of human activities. At the early 590 BC the Greek athletes were financially rewarded for an Olympic victory-winning (Harris, 1964). â€Å"Sports has not always had such an international flavour. Sports first spread across international borders through imperialistic efforts. As countries such as Great Britain colonised various areas throughout the world, sport was used to impose the conquerors culture on the colonised land† ( Masteralexis, Barr and Hums,1998, p.210). Nowdays sports attract the public interest and â€Å"Modern sports and modern mass media are both multibillion-dollar businesses. Elite sports cannot function as they do without the mass media to publicize and underwrite them. The huge market for sports equipment and team-related merchandise is to a large extent sustained by the medias 24-hour-a-day sports coverage, and the economic infrastructure of the mass media depends to a considerable extent on the capacity of sports to create large, loyal cohorts of readers, listeners, viewers, and interactive consumers† (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-253580). Sport is a main interest in modern societies as more and more people participate like ever before. This massive growth of sport interest and activities has drove to main changes the major characteristics of sport. These changes that characterize sport are related to social changes as â€Å"among these changes some trends may be identified. First, sporting activities in western countries are characterized by a trend toward pluralisation i.e. by the increase in the number of sports that are practiced. At the same time sport activities know a process of diversification and differentiation: recreational, competitive and professional sports are becoming more and more separated. Second, sport activities are subject to a growing individualism. Sport is more and more seen as an option for an individual. The general ideology concerning sport has moved â€Å"from sport as a collective right to sport as an individual option† leading to the adoption of the principle of â€Å"let the user pay†. Individualism and pluralization may be seen as the cause of a trend toward the â€Å"marketization† (or commercialization ) of sport. In effect, sport is among the fastest growing leisure markets. All sorts of sport, and not only top sport are characterized by a growing involvement of money.† ( Enjolas, 2001). â€Å"Today, sport is big business and big businesses are heavily involved in sport. Athletes in the major spectator sports are marketable commodities, sports teams are traded on the stock market, sponsorship rights at major events can cost millions of dollars, network television stations pay large fees to broadcast games, and the merchandising and licensing of sporting goods is a major multi- national business. These trends are not just restricted to professional athletes and events, many of them are equally applicable to the so-called amateur sports† (Slack, 1998). Here is a selection of some examples that certificate the above : â€Å"a report published by Deloitte & Touche and Sport-Business Group has revealed that Manchester United heads football’s rich list with a turn over of 117m pounds. It is based upon turnover season 1999-2000. In the 2nd is Real Madrid with turnover of 103.7m. pounds.†, â€Å"Kellogg has signed its biggest ever UK sports sponsorship deal. It is linking its Nutri-Grain brand with Rugby League’s Challenge Cup. Kellogg will invest more than 1 million pounds into the sponsorship.† , â€Å"Musicians, sports stars and actors are rapidly overhauling established business tycoons as some America’s wealthiest young people.†, â€Å"Hays and Robertson is planning a two-way floating International Brands Licensing, the Admiral and Mountain Equipment brand business on Aim in June 2002, in an attempt to raise its market value to 11.5 m. pounds. Hays and Robertson will then join with Sky in a deal to sell England kits and other football kits later on in the year and focus on purchasing licenses for other brands for UK distribution.†(as cited in Beech and Chadwick, 2004, p. 8-9). Also as cited in McGaughey and Liesch (2002) ague that, â€Å"†¦ sport has gradually commercialized through the growth of spectatorship, with revenues being generated via gate-takings and activities such as on-course betting (Rowe, 1996). While the advent of ‘live’ broadcasting and the commentary of sports through radio and television initially resulted in declining revenue for sporting bodies, popular sports have increasingly entered more economically rewarding contracts with television interests, with ‘the negotiation of television contracts rapidly becoming the biggest issue in the game’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.384). According to Beech and Chadwick (2004), the development of a sport as a business is characterized by a sequence of phases. These phases are: the foundation of the sport, its codification, stratification, professionalisation, , post-professionalisation, commercialization and post-commercialization. The commercialization of a sport involves the development of an â€Å"overtly business context, external organizations see the opportunity of using the sport for their own purposes, typically marketing in the forms of sponsorship – involving governing bodies, leagues and clubs – and endorsement – involving players. If the sport organizations, leagues and clubs are inept in their management of the greatly increased financial revenues which become available, they will become available, they will come under pressure to the extent that some professional clubs in particular may be forced out of existence† (p.6). The commercialization in the English soccer began at the end of 1960, when Texaco (an oil company) and Watneys (a brewery) offered sponsorship to cups (Beech and Chadwick, 2004). â€Å" †¦by the end of the 1990s commercialization had become firmly embedded across the whole of the top leagues as well as the FA, with sponsorship of a range of events and facilities, including individual stadia, common practice. Clubs websites had become integrated with betting companies, mobile phone companies and other external organisations, typically offering directly soccer-related services. Weaker (in terms of financial success) clubs have faced major pressures such as being forced into administration.† (p.7). Some examples that present the commercialization in the 1990s are â€Å"†¦ between January 1993 and January 1997, shares in football sector rose 774per cent, outperforming stock market by a factor of 10.†( Marrow, 1999), â€Å"†¦18 month period between 1995 and 1996, shares in Manchester United and Tottenham rose 336 per cent and 368 per cent respectively.† (Marrow, 1999), â€Å"many individuals made slot of money from stock market floatation as Hall Family (Newcastle): 3m 1989-1992- sold a 41.6 per cent stake for 55m. pounds.† (Walters G, 2008, Lecture 1, Birkbeck notes). The commercialization of the sports has led to the commercial consumer income e.g. shirt sales, the commercial sponsorship income e.g. shirt sponsorship, the stadia development, the increasing of supporters-fans, matches are scheduled for tv audience, the merchandising have become more aggressive, expensive and targeted, the tickets price is higher (Walters G, 2008, Lecture 1, Birkbeck notes). Here are some comments about the commercialization in football: â€Å" One of the reasons the fanzines are not encouraged is because the clubs fear any threat, small or large, to their complete control of merchandising income. Clearly fans want to identify with their clubs and if control also means ensuring that certain basic standards of product and service are met then that’s not necessarily a bad thing†¦the trouble lies with the way that merchandising has taken over at the expense of developing almost any other form of identification with the club† (Perryman, 1997, p.6), à ¢â‚¬Å"this should have been a golden age, a perfect time to be a football supporter. Heysel and Hillsborough were in the past. We had seen off the hooligans and nearly all the fences. Where we were once the enemy within, we were now the height of fashion†¦ tv programmes, plays and even opera took an interest†¦ football shirts were everywhere. There was a boom†¦ this should have been everything we ever wanted. Instead, just when it was, at last, all right to be a football fan, everything went sour†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ( Horton, 1997, exploitation 13-14). â€Å"Globalization can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society. This process is a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural and political forces† (Wikipedia, 2008). â€Å"In sports, globalization does not mean promoting international games and joining test matches or international competitions. It is a temporary event with minimal lasting effects and therefore is just called internationalization. The globalization of sports intimidates sports organizations that hold the right of franchise in these countries. So, it is a big problem for the professional associations, like those in baseball and soccer in Japan and in Korea and basketball in the Philippines. Sports management is something that is not directly related to globalization.   But, today, due to the wide coverage of media and the popularity of sports, globalization is an inevitable issue, even for the local sports organizations. The international sports enterprises are always looking for a chance to invade a new market, and in this sense, sports is very similar to agricultural and industrial products† (http://ccs.cla.kobe-u.ac.jp/staff/amano/WWW/amano.html, 2008). Also â€Å"the global development of sport has also accelerated from the 1980s. For example, one can find the flows from country to country of sports goods, equipment, and landscapes have grown such as the development of the media-sport production complex and projects images to global audiences.†(Lee and Lin, 2007, â€Å"the Sport Journal†). According to Masteralexis, Barr and Hums (1998), â€Å"Sport is subject to many of the same forces that are increasing the global distribution of consumer and entertainment products today† (p.209) as sports are affected by international influences as athletes play professionally in foreign countries, people watch sport events from other countries and they consume products of foreign teams. The sports industry like the general business, have realized that they have to expand their boundaries in order to sell their products in the global marketplace, by creating â€Å"products that they have the same appeal and generate the same demand in all corners of the world† (p.212) considering the different cultures, laws, languages, customs, traditions. â€Å"Efforts in globalizing the sport product can be seen on two fronts: 1. corporations are attempting to utilize the sport theme and sport products to enter the international marketplace and 2. professional sport leagues are attempting to spread the popularity of their leagues and associated products (televised games, licensed sport products, etc. ) overseas† (p.213). As an example â€Å"†¦many sport leagues, particularly those in North America, have sought out global markets through expanding television broadcasting and licensing, and by developing new leagues to introduce their specific sports to new geographic areas (Rushin, 1993). The most obvious example of this is the World League of American Football (NFL Europe) which despite financial losses, is seen as a means to introduce the professional football product to Europe, and expand television interests (King, 1996). In this way, professional sport leagues seeks out new revenue opportunities in many different markets†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Mason, 1999, p.406). Trenberh and Collins, 1994, suggested five â€Å"manifest market conditions† that affects the sports industry and the sports managers work: â€Å"1.a trend toward a increased professionalism in leisure and sports organizations 2. continued development of commercial forms of sport 3. maturation and normalization of career structures in leisure and sport 4. a mounting awareness of the need for fiscal accountability in the public and non-profit sectors and 5. the targeting of management skills by government as a way of enhancing sport systems ‘effectiveness’† (p.276). According to Boucher(1998), â€Å"†¦there is n question that the field of Sports Management has grown and developed at a rapid race, particularly over the past decade. Concurrent with this growth have been advancements made by professional and academic associations, formed to further needs of a variety of individuals who are affiliated with Sports Management†. Sport managers have to be aware of the changes that impact their work environment and have to be capable of knowing the new technology, which affects the sports industry and have to understand that sport and sport management as a whole, is growing as a popularity worldwide and sport managers themselves should learn, understand and respect the â€Å"differences when dealing in the international sport marketplace† (Masteralexis, Barr and Hums, 1998, p. 36), â€Å" †¦ it is imperative that sport managers understand the issues surrounding the governance and management of international sport†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Masteralexis, Barr and Hums, 1998, p. 213). In order to manage the sport product, sport managers should always consider that: â€Å"1. the sport product is intangible and subjective making it difficult to ensure costumer satisfaction 2. the sport product is inconsistent and unpredictable 3. the sport product is a perishable commodity, developed in anticipation of demand and produced and consumed simultaneously 4. aspects of financing and budgeting for sports organizations differ from those of a typical business 5. for a manager there is a highly complex network of stakeholders ranging from government agencies to sponsors, volunteers and members 6. sport enterprises earn significant income from sources extraneous to the sale of the service(e.g. sponsorship and television rights) 7. managers of sport leagues must heighten competition to be successful, not eliminate it† (Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.20). In addition the role of marketing is very important for a sport manager, in order to attract consumers, as marketing helps : 1. to guide a sporting organization in its selection of the â€Å"sport product† and its target costumers 2. to identify and monitor the activities of business competitors 3. to develop and implement promotional strategies 3. to develop and implement distribution strategies 4. to coordinate the research and information needed to carry out the marketing functions(above), audit their performance and help ensure their repeated success. (Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.218). Sports managers need to understand also the strong need of : 1. financial management 2. share and stock market 3. mergers and acquisitions 4. sports law, commercial and international law 5. TV rights and EU law in European cases( Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.279). Conclusion This paper has sought to highlight how commercialization and globalization has changed the worldwide picture of sports. As we can conclude a sport manager, in order to be competitive in the global marketplace and in order to be able to react to the changes of the international rules of commercialization have to be aware of the needs of the market and â€Å"consumers†-fans that address. According to Markle(1997), (as cited in Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.281), â€Å"†¦sports managers need to understand the nature of the business and the disposition of the consumer through demographics, psychographics, socioeconomics, etc†¦sports managers need to built their business, the product and the perception of the product to be attractive and appealing †¦ to built relationships with sponsors, to learn their business needs and become an agency rather than a salesperson. They should under-promise and over-deliver†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Also we should always have in mind what Robert L. Boucher (1998, p.79) suggests : â€Å" call me naà ¯ve, but it is possible that today’s promoters of commercialism in sport have become intoxicated by sponsorship revenues? †¦is it right for a sport manager only to be conduit by which a sponsor can achieve greater market penetration? My contention is simply that in our quest for legitimation, we may have sold our souls to the interests of big business. It can be argued that much of what comprises the Sport Management domain is not related to business and producing entertainment for profit. In fact, a large percentage of sport enterprises in the global community are of an amateur nature where the motives of participants, spectators and administrators are of a more altruistic nature. Perhaps Chelladurai’s (1992) observation that there are really, in fact, two fields, that management of human services in sport and management of entertainment services through out spor t, is entirely accurate. In any event, the need to return in a balance in orientation and to refocus has never been more pressing†. References Beech J. & Chadwick S. (2004), â€Å"The Business of Sport Management†, Ashford Colour Press, Gosport Boucher R. (Journal of Sports Management,1998, 12,76-85), â€Å"Towards Achieving a Focal Point for Sport Management : A Binocular Perspecive†, Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc Encyclopedia of Britannica, on line, 2008. from http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-253580/sports Enjolras B, â€Å"Commercialization and the voluntary organization of sport:the Norwegian model under pressure?†, Paper prepared for the Seminar â€Å"idrett, samfunn og frivillig organisering†, NFR, 9-10/01/20011, from http://web.bi.no/forskning/isforg.nsf/62af2dc31b641632c12566f30039282c/6dd187f9b8d0a3c3c125696f003d6d3a/$FILE/Enjolras.PDF Harris, H.A. (1964). Greek athletes and athletics. London: Hutchinson. Lee and Lin, (2007). â€Å"The Global Flows of International Professional Baseball System†, from http://www.thesportjournal.org/2007Journal/Vol10-No4/07ping-chao.asp Mason D.(1999). â€Å"What is the sports product and who buys it? The marketing of professional sport leagues†. European Journal of Marketing, Vol.33, No.  ¾, 1999, pp. 402-418 Masteralexis L., Barr C., Hums M., (1998), â€Å"Principles And Practice of Sports Management†, United State of America :Aspen Publishers McGaughey S. and Liesch P. (2002). â€Å"The global sports-media nexus: reflexctions on the ‘super league saga’ in Australia†, Journal of Management Studies 39:3, may 2002. USA: Blackwell Publishers Professional Sports in Globalization: A Comparative Study of the Japanese Baseball and the Philippine Basketball†, from http://ccs.cla.kobe-u.ac.jp/staff/amano/WWW/amano.html Slack T., (1998). Studying the commercialization of sport: The need for critical analysis. From http://physed.otago.ac.nz/sosol/v1i1/v1i1a6.htm Trenberth L., Collins C. ( 1999), â€Å"Sport Business Management in New Zealand†, New Zealand: The Dunmore Press Walters G., (2008), from the lesson â€Å"The economics and governance of professional football†, Lecture 1 â€Å"the business of football: an historical perspective†, Birkbeck notes Wikipedia, 2008, from www.wikipedia.com Effect of Globalization and Commercialization on Sports Effect of Globalization and Commercialization on Sports â€Å" Critically evaluate how globalizing and commercial forces have influenced sports generally and football especially. You should also include in your analysis the influence of globilization and commercialization on the management and governance of organizations in light of Stewart and Smith’s (1999) unique features of sport. You should discuss the implications of these changes on the management of sporting organizations. You must be critical rather than descriptive in your analysis and refer to theory wherever possible† This paper seeks to present how commercialization and globalization have affected sports industry in our days and how sport managers have to respond to these two factors. Sports always were concerning human communities, and were at the centre of human activities. At the early 590 BC the Greek athletes were financially rewarded for an Olympic victory-winning (Harris, 1964). â€Å"Sports has not always had such an international flavour. Sports first spread across international borders through imperialistic efforts. As countries such as Great Britain colonised various areas throughout the world, sport was used to impose the conquerors culture on the colonised land† ( Masteralexis, Barr and Hums,1998, p.210). Nowdays sports attract the public interest and â€Å"Modern sports and modern mass media are both multibillion-dollar businesses. Elite sports cannot function as they do without the mass media to publicize and underwrite them. The huge market for sports equipment and team-related merchandise is to a large extent sustained by the medias 24-hour-a-day sports coverage, and the economic infrastructure of the mass media depends to a considerable extent on the capacity of sports to create large, loyal cohorts of readers, listeners, viewers, and interactive consumers† (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-253580). Sport is a main interest in modern societies as more and more people participate like ever before. This massive growth of sport interest and activities has drove to main changes the major characteristics of sport. These changes that characterize sport are related to social changes as â€Å"among these changes some trends may be identified. First, sporting activities in western countries are characterized by a trend toward pluralisation i.e. by the increase in the number of sports that are practiced. At the same time sport activities know a process of diversification and differentiation: recreational, competitive and professional sports are becoming more and more separated. Second, sport activities are subject to a growing individualism. Sport is more and more seen as an option for an individual. The general ideology concerning sport has moved â€Å"from sport as a collective right to sport as an individual option† leading to the adoption of the principle of â€Å"let the user pay†. Individualism and pluralization may be seen as the cause of a trend toward the â€Å"marketization† (or commercialization ) of sport. In effect, sport is among the fastest growing leisure markets. All sorts of sport, and not only top sport are characterized by a growing involvement of money.† ( Enjolas, 2001). â€Å"Today, sport is big business and big businesses are heavily involved in sport. Athletes in the major spectator sports are marketable commodities, sports teams are traded on the stock market, sponsorship rights at major events can cost millions of dollars, network television stations pay large fees to broadcast games, and the merchandising and licensing of sporting goods is a major multi- national business. These trends are not just restricted to professional athletes and events, many of them are equally applicable to the so-called amateur sports† (Slack, 1998). Here is a selection of some examples that certificate the above : â€Å"a report published by Deloitte & Touche and Sport-Business Group has revealed that Manchester United heads football’s rich list with a turn over of 117m pounds. It is based upon turnover season 1999-2000. In the 2nd is Real Madrid with turnover of 103.7m. pounds.†, â€Å"Kellogg has signed its biggest ever UK sports sponsorship deal. It is linking its Nutri-Grain brand with Rugby League’s Challenge Cup. Kellogg will invest more than 1 million pounds into the sponsorship.† , â€Å"Musicians, sports stars and actors are rapidly overhauling established business tycoons as some America’s wealthiest young people.†, â€Å"Hays and Robertson is planning a two-way floating International Brands Licensing, the Admiral and Mountain Equipment brand business on Aim in June 2002, in an attempt to raise its market value to 11.5 m. pounds. Hays and Robertson will then join with Sky in a deal to sell England kits and other football kits later on in the year and focus on purchasing licenses for other brands for UK distribution.†(as cited in Beech and Chadwick, 2004, p. 8-9). Also as cited in McGaughey and Liesch (2002) ague that, â€Å"†¦ sport has gradually commercialized through the growth of spectatorship, with revenues being generated via gate-takings and activities such as on-course betting (Rowe, 1996). While the advent of ‘live’ broadcasting and the commentary of sports through radio and television initially resulted in declining revenue for sporting bodies, popular sports have increasingly entered more economically rewarding contracts with television interests, with ‘the negotiation of television contracts rapidly becoming the biggest issue in the game’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.384). According to Beech and Chadwick (2004), the development of a sport as a business is characterized by a sequence of phases. These phases are: the foundation of the sport, its codification, stratification, professionalisation, , post-professionalisation, commercialization and post-commercialization. The commercialization of a sport involves the development of an â€Å"overtly business context, external organizations see the opportunity of using the sport for their own purposes, typically marketing in the forms of sponsorship – involving governing bodies, leagues and clubs – and endorsement – involving players. If the sport organizations, leagues and clubs are inept in their management of the greatly increased financial revenues which become available, they will become available, they will come under pressure to the extent that some professional clubs in particular may be forced out of existence† (p.6). The commercialization in the English soccer began at the end of 1960, when Texaco (an oil company) and Watneys (a brewery) offered sponsorship to cups (Beech and Chadwick, 2004). â€Å" †¦by the end of the 1990s commercialization had become firmly embedded across the whole of the top leagues as well as the FA, with sponsorship of a range of events and facilities, including individual stadia, common practice. Clubs websites had become integrated with betting companies, mobile phone companies and other external organisations, typically offering directly soccer-related services. Weaker (in terms of financial success) clubs have faced major pressures such as being forced into administration.† (p.7). Some examples that present the commercialization in the 1990s are â€Å"†¦ between January 1993 and January 1997, shares in football sector rose 774per cent, outperforming stock market by a factor of 10.†( Marrow, 1999), â€Å"†¦18 month period between 1995 and 1996, shares in Manchester United and Tottenham rose 336 per cent and 368 per cent respectively.† (Marrow, 1999), â€Å"many individuals made slot of money from stock market floatation as Hall Family (Newcastle): 3m 1989-1992- sold a 41.6 per cent stake for 55m. pounds.† (Walters G, 2008, Lecture 1, Birkbeck notes). The commercialization of the sports has led to the commercial consumer income e.g. shirt sales, the commercial sponsorship income e.g. shirt sponsorship, the stadia development, the increasing of supporters-fans, matches are scheduled for tv audience, the merchandising have become more aggressive, expensive and targeted, the tickets price is higher (Walters G, 2008, Lecture 1, Birkbeck notes). Here are some comments about the commercialization in football: â€Å" One of the reasons the fanzines are not encouraged is because the clubs fear any threat, small or large, to their complete control of merchandising income. Clearly fans want to identify with their clubs and if control also means ensuring that certain basic standards of product and service are met then that’s not necessarily a bad thing†¦the trouble lies with the way that merchandising has taken over at the expense of developing almost any other form of identification with the club† (Perryman, 1997, p.6), à ¢â‚¬Å"this should have been a golden age, a perfect time to be a football supporter. Heysel and Hillsborough were in the past. We had seen off the hooligans and nearly all the fences. Where we were once the enemy within, we were now the height of fashion†¦ tv programmes, plays and even opera took an interest†¦ football shirts were everywhere. There was a boom†¦ this should have been everything we ever wanted. Instead, just when it was, at last, all right to be a football fan, everything went sour†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ( Horton, 1997, exploitation 13-14). â€Å"Globalization can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society. This process is a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural and political forces† (Wikipedia, 2008). â€Å"In sports, globalization does not mean promoting international games and joining test matches or international competitions. It is a temporary event with minimal lasting effects and therefore is just called internationalization. The globalization of sports intimidates sports organizations that hold the right of franchise in these countries. So, it is a big problem for the professional associations, like those in baseball and soccer in Japan and in Korea and basketball in the Philippines. Sports management is something that is not directly related to globalization.   But, today, due to the wide coverage of media and the popularity of sports, globalization is an inevitable issue, even for the local sports organizations. The international sports enterprises are always looking for a chance to invade a new market, and in this sense, sports is very similar to agricultural and industrial products† (http://ccs.cla.kobe-u.ac.jp/staff/amano/WWW/amano.html, 2008). Also â€Å"the global development of sport has also accelerated from the 1980s. For example, one can find the flows from country to country of sports goods, equipment, and landscapes have grown such as the development of the media-sport production complex and projects images to global audiences.†(Lee and Lin, 2007, â€Å"the Sport Journal†). According to Masteralexis, Barr and Hums (1998), â€Å"Sport is subject to many of the same forces that are increasing the global distribution of consumer and entertainment products today† (p.209) as sports are affected by international influences as athletes play professionally in foreign countries, people watch sport events from other countries and they consume products of foreign teams. The sports industry like the general business, have realized that they have to expand their boundaries in order to sell their products in the global marketplace, by creating â€Å"products that they have the same appeal and generate the same demand in all corners of the world† (p.212) considering the different cultures, laws, languages, customs, traditions. â€Å"Efforts in globalizing the sport product can be seen on two fronts: 1. corporations are attempting to utilize the sport theme and sport products to enter the international marketplace and 2. professional sport leagues are attempting to spread the popularity of their leagues and associated products (televised games, licensed sport products, etc. ) overseas† (p.213). As an example â€Å"†¦many sport leagues, particularly those in North America, have sought out global markets through expanding television broadcasting and licensing, and by developing new leagues to introduce their specific sports to new geographic areas (Rushin, 1993). The most obvious example of this is the World League of American Football (NFL Europe) which despite financial losses, is seen as a means to introduce the professional football product to Europe, and expand television interests (King, 1996). In this way, professional sport leagues seeks out new revenue opportunities in many different markets†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Mason, 1999, p.406). Trenberh and Collins, 1994, suggested five â€Å"manifest market conditions† that affects the sports industry and the sports managers work: â€Å"1.a trend toward a increased professionalism in leisure and sports organizations 2. continued development of commercial forms of sport 3. maturation and normalization of career structures in leisure and sport 4. a mounting awareness of the need for fiscal accountability in the public and non-profit sectors and 5. the targeting of management skills by government as a way of enhancing sport systems ‘effectiveness’† (p.276). According to Boucher(1998), â€Å"†¦there is n question that the field of Sports Management has grown and developed at a rapid race, particularly over the past decade. Concurrent with this growth have been advancements made by professional and academic associations, formed to further needs of a variety of individuals who are affiliated with Sports Management†. Sport managers have to be aware of the changes that impact their work environment and have to be capable of knowing the new technology, which affects the sports industry and have to understand that sport and sport management as a whole, is growing as a popularity worldwide and sport managers themselves should learn, understand and respect the â€Å"differences when dealing in the international sport marketplace† (Masteralexis, Barr and Hums, 1998, p. 36), â€Å" †¦ it is imperative that sport managers understand the issues surrounding the governance and management of international sport†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Masteralexis, Barr and Hums, 1998, p. 213). In order to manage the sport product, sport managers should always consider that: â€Å"1. the sport product is intangible and subjective making it difficult to ensure costumer satisfaction 2. the sport product is inconsistent and unpredictable 3. the sport product is a perishable commodity, developed in anticipation of demand and produced and consumed simultaneously 4. aspects of financing and budgeting for sports organizations differ from those of a typical business 5. for a manager there is a highly complex network of stakeholders ranging from government agencies to sponsors, volunteers and members 6. sport enterprises earn significant income from sources extraneous to the sale of the service(e.g. sponsorship and television rights) 7. managers of sport leagues must heighten competition to be successful, not eliminate it† (Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.20). In addition the role of marketing is very important for a sport manager, in order to attract consumers, as marketing helps : 1. to guide a sporting organization in its selection of the â€Å"sport product† and its target costumers 2. to identify and monitor the activities of business competitors 3. to develop and implement promotional strategies 3. to develop and implement distribution strategies 4. to coordinate the research and information needed to carry out the marketing functions(above), audit their performance and help ensure their repeated success. (Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.218). Sports managers need to understand also the strong need of : 1. financial management 2. share and stock market 3. mergers and acquisitions 4. sports law, commercial and international law 5. TV rights and EU law in European cases( Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.279). Conclusion This paper has sought to highlight how commercialization and globalization has changed the worldwide picture of sports. As we can conclude a sport manager, in order to be competitive in the global marketplace and in order to be able to react to the changes of the international rules of commercialization have to be aware of the needs of the market and â€Å"consumers†-fans that address. According to Markle(1997), (as cited in Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.281), â€Å"†¦sports managers need to understand the nature of the business and the disposition of the consumer through demographics, psychographics, socioeconomics, etc†¦sports managers need to built their business, the product and the perception of the product to be attractive and appealing †¦ to built relationships with sponsors, to learn their business needs and become an agency rather than a salesperson. They should under-promise and over-deliver†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Also we should always have in mind what Robert L. Boucher (1998, p.79) suggests : â€Å" call me naà ¯ve, but it is possible that today’s promoters of commercialism in sport have become intoxicated by sponsorship revenues? †¦is it right for a sport manager only to be conduit by which a sponsor can achieve greater market penetration? My contention is simply that in our quest for legitimation, we may have sold our souls to the interests of big business. It can be argued that much of what comprises the Sport Management domain is not related to business and producing entertainment for profit. In fact, a large percentage of sport enterprises in the global community are of an amateur nature where the motives of participants, spectators and administrators are of a more altruistic nature. Perhaps Chelladurai’s (1992) observation that there are really, in fact, two fields, that management of human services in sport and management of entertainment services through out spor t, is entirely accurate. In any event, the need to return in a balance in orientation and to refocus has never been more pressing†. References Beech J. & Chadwick S. (2004), â€Å"The Business of Sport Management†, Ashford Colour Press, Gosport Boucher R. (Journal of Sports Management,1998, 12,76-85), â€Å"Towards Achieving a Focal Point for Sport Management : A Binocular Perspecive†, Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc Encyclopedia of Britannica, on line, 2008. from http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-253580/sports Enjolras B, â€Å"Commercialization and the voluntary organization of sport:the Norwegian model under pressure?†, Paper prepared for the Seminar â€Å"idrett, samfunn og frivillig organisering†, NFR, 9-10/01/20011, from http://web.bi.no/forskning/isforg.nsf/62af2dc31b641632c12566f30039282c/6dd187f9b8d0a3c3c125696f003d6d3a/$FILE/Enjolras.PDF Harris, H.A. (1964). Greek athletes and athletics. London: Hutchinson. Lee and Lin, (2007). â€Å"The Global Flows of International Professional Baseball System†, from http://www.thesportjournal.org/2007Journal/Vol10-No4/07ping-chao.asp Mason D.(1999). â€Å"What is the sports product and who buys it? The marketing of professional sport leagues†. European Journal of Marketing, Vol.33, No.  ¾, 1999, pp. 402-418 Masteralexis L., Barr C., Hums M., (1998), â€Å"Principles And Practice of Sports Management†, United State of America :Aspen Publishers McGaughey S. and Liesch P. (2002). â€Å"The global sports-media nexus: reflexctions on the ‘super league saga’ in Australia†, Journal of Management Studies 39:3, may 2002. USA: Blackwell Publishers Professional Sports in Globalization: A Comparative Study of the Japanese Baseball and the Philippine Basketball†, from http://ccs.cla.kobe-u.ac.jp/staff/amano/WWW/amano.html Slack T., (1998). Studying the commercialization of sport: The need for critical analysis. From http://physed.otago.ac.nz/sosol/v1i1/v1i1a6.htm Trenberth L., Collins C. ( 1999), â€Å"Sport Business Management in New Zealand†, New Zealand: The Dunmore Press Walters G., (2008), from the lesson â€Å"The economics and governance of professional football†, Lecture 1 â€Å"the business of football: an historical perspective†, Birkbeck notes Wikipedia, 2008, from www.wikipedia.com

Child Labor Essay -- Child Labor Laws Employment Workforce Essays

Child Labor Child labor is a pervasive problem throughout the global economy, especially in the markets of developing countries. With over 90% of the total child labor market employed in the rural areas of Asia and Africa largely due to lack of enforcement, it is argued that something has to be done. Although the majority of people are ethically appalled by child labor, and against the exploitation of children, is the worldwide eradication of the worst forms of child labor really a feasible alternative? To answer this question people have to take into account a variety of factors involving both the economic and social costs, as well as have a firm understanding of the situations people are faced with in these underdeveloped countries. The International Labor Organization estimated that there were over 211 million working children between the ages of 5 and 14 in the year 2000, with over 73 million under the age of ten. When most people think of child labor, they visualize children working in sweatshops under poor conditions, for little pay. When in reality almost 80% of child laborers are employed in agricultural jobs. Regardless of the type of labor these children are performing, they are usually underpaid, overworked, and forced to work in unsafe environments. The exploitation of children and the social costs that are involved are considered highly immoral, especially by the general public in industrialized nations. But why is a practice that is condemned by so many, so rampant among impoverished nations? Industrialized countries have been asking third world nations to impose regulations and ban the practices of child labor for decades. This is ironic considering that countries such as the United Sta... ...m, the worst kinds of child labor can at least be abolished, and children who work, can have some chance to work in a safer work environment. Works Cited International Labor Organization, 2000.World Labor Report. Geneva: International Labor Organization Faraaz Siddiqi/Harry Partrinos, Child Labor: Issues, Causes, and Interventions, 1996 Douglas A. Irwin, Free Trade Under Fire, Chapter 6, 2002 Kaushik Basu, Child Labor: Cause, Consequence, and Cure, with Remarks on International Labor Standards, 1999 Krugman Paul, In Praise of Cheap Labor, 1997 The Department of Labor Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 2001 Findings of the Worst Forms of Child Labor, 2002 International Labor Organization, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour: 2000 Mehra-Kerpelman, K. 1996. Children at work: How many and where? World of Work 15:8-9.

Grendel & Existentialism Essay

â€Å"I understood that the world was nothing; a mechanical chaos of casual, brute enmity on which we stupidly impose our hopes and fears. I understood that, finally and absolutely, I alone exist. All the rest, I saw, is merely what pushes me, or what I push against, blindly-as blindly as all that is not myself pushes back. † Existentialism is a philosophy that I, personally, was unfamiliar with until we talked about it in class. The relationship between Grendel and existentialism was profound to me not only in the way that it drew lines of symmetry, but in the way that it helped me to interpret the concepts behind the philosophy. This quote spoke to me because it demonstrates how Grendel is pressured into living an existentialist lifestyle by the very forces that he says push upon him. Grendel delves into the psyche of a man-beast whose only choice is to react to the world as an existentialist; the world (specifically mankind) exemplifies all of existentialism’s concepts, proving Grendel’s niche to be that of an existentialist. â€Å"Dark chasms! † I scream from the cliff-edge, â€Å"seize me! Seize me to your foul black bowels and crush my bones! † I am terrified at the sound of my own huge voice in the darkness †¦ At the same time, I am secretly unfooled. The uproar is only my own shriek, and chasms are, like all things vast, inanimate. They will not snatch me in a thousand years, unless, in a lunatic fit of religion, I jump. † [Grendel, pg. 10] Grendel knows that he is alone, despite his attempts to fool himself. This is ratified by his mother’s inability to speak to him, the fear animals have of him, and the rejection he receives from mankind. He has no explanation for anything in existence due to his inability to communicate with anyone, until the dragon comes along. â€Å"My knowledge of the future does not cause the future. It merely sees it, exactly as creatures at your low level recall things past. And even if, say, I interfere – †¦ – even then I do not change the future, I merely do what I saw from the beginning. That’s obvious, surely. Let’s say it’s settled then. So much for free will and intercession! † [Grendel, pg. 63] Lack of free will is another concept of existentialism. Grendel’s previously mentioned lack of communication makes him eager to soak up any idea that the dragon shares with him, and eventually he takes this to mean that his war on the mead hall was not done of his own free will, but because it was his future as the dragon foresaw it.

Vijayawada in the Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh

A quadruplet is a multiplier that is lifted by four rotors. Unlike traditional helicopters, the quadruplet use 2 sets of propellers with 2 clockwise and 2 anti- clockwise. It was first designed by Louis Brute in 1907. It lifted off the ground by using four propellers In four different directions. Although It could only go up for several feet, it was a great step for the development of quadruplets. More than a decade later, in the asses, more engineers and scientists developed their own types f oratorical.Edmond Machine, a French engineer and helicopter designer, successfully designed a multiplier with four rotors that were installed at the ends of four arms. It provided a very high stability at that time and marked a record of 360 meters traveling distance. As time has passed, the quadruplet has changed into different styles and models. In asses-1 sass, the world was undergoing a very rapid economic development. There was a huge demand for transportation of Industrial materials. The quadruplet was a machine that people always prefer to use.However, due to lack improvement of the quadruplet, it was still not adopted for industrial use. In recent years, many small scale quadruplet are widely used in many ways. As there are many advanced airplanes, quadruplets are no longer under consideration as a means to transport people or commodities. Instead, they are used in different areas, like ordnance surveying, rescue support, film taking etc. Nowadays, quadruplets are always equipped with a camera. The data recorded by a quadruplet can be directly sent to a computer or saved in a storage system.During the Chuan earthquake In 2008, landslides blocked miles of country roads and properties. The rescuers could not enter the affected area. Also, airplanes could land or fly over some of these remote areas. The situation in the affected area remained unknown for the rescuers. The quadruplet help people to assess the damage quickly and more accurately in the remote areas. The ID robotics quadruplet, supported by a simple GAPS controlled through a computer, allowed the rescue teams to locate the affected areas.As the quadruplet is small in size and invulnerable, it can travel to very inaccessible places. We no longer need to rely on expensive alternatives like helicopters. Another common application of the quadruplet Is video and film taking. In the old days, if we want to take some scenes in the sky, we would probably need to use an airplane to help us. However, it is very difficult for an airplane to fly between skyscrapers and along narrow streets like In Hong Kong. Yet, but using a quadruplet can help the directors to achieve this goal.Since the quadruplet can be controlled by remote control or through computer programs, people can control their quadruplet to any direction they like. No matter whether you are standing on a cliff, or in I OFF flexibility and effectiveness of film making. The above applications are not those which are common in most pe ople's lives. Many people cannot afford to buy a quadruplet. Even if they could afford one, there are few ways that they could use it. However, in the future, we will have a chance to see hundreds of quadruplets flying over our heads.The world largest online retailer Amazon introduced a new delivery system-?Prime Air. This futuristic system allows customers to get their ordered packages into their hands within half an hour via unmanned aerial vehicles. The specially designed aerial vehicle is based on a prototype of a quadruplet. There are clamps to hold a box under the copter. The aerial vehicle is equipped with and tracked by a very precise GAPS system. It can even direct the copter outside the shopper's doorstep. In the future, the world's population will keep increasing. Land will become more crowded.Other than open up underground areas, the air space is expected to open p when we have better technology capabilities. As online shopping is growing in popularity, the Prime Air not only can boost the efficiency and economic growth, it can greatly reduce the demand for land transportation. To make Prime Air practicable, many weaknesses need to be considered and solved. What people discuss the most is safety. People will probably feel frightened and worried when they see a flying machine whizzing Just ten meters above their heads. People will also wonder whether the clamps strong enough to hold the box without dropping it.Although the copter is tracked by a very accurate GAPS system, there are many physical obstacles like trees, streetlights, advertisements and even construction sites which are not shown or frequently updated in the system. The technologies nowadays may not be capable to direct the unmanned aerial vehicles to keep away from these obstacles. This puts a restriction on sending a copter to crowded and busy areas like Hong Kong or New York. In the meantime, engineers needs to consider other problems like weather, battery life, load capacity and sec urity.A quadruplet for goods delivery use needs some kind f design to protect the electronic components inside it and this type of service would be highly susceptible to the weather conditions. If the quadruplet could only operate on dry days, the whole concept may somewhat lose it's meaning of effective delivery. What's more, there is no one guard the copter. How can we ensure it can safely and accurately fly to the destination? There are still many things need to deal with in the future to make an application like this a reality. In the future, accoutered will be more commonly used in different aspects.

Impact of caring for a patient with dementia The WritePass Journal

Impact of caring for a patient with dementia Abstract Impact of caring for a patient with dementia AbstractDementia Background:IntroductionCareerPoliciesImpact/Burden of Caring What about the impact?Reference ListRelated Abstract Dementia Background: Dementia is most commonly misunderstood and misrepresented in terms of what it is and what actually causes it and most importantly who it affects. The Royal College of Physicians (2005) relatively defines Dementia as: â€Å"the global impairment of higher cortical functions including memory, the capacity to solve the problems of day-to-day living, the performance of learned   perceptuomotor   skills, the correct use of social skills and the control of emotional reactions, in the absence of gross clouding of consciousness (i.e. drowsiness and the lack of alertness in the person). The condition is often irreversible and progressive†. Drawing on observations in all the health and all the social care settings, Kitwood ( 1997) suggested that people with Dementia were frequently denied personhood, mainly because of ‘ malignant social psychology’ in layman’s terms the negative attitudes and unhelpful behaviours of professional staff . Carers (Recognition and Services) Act ,1995 defines carer as: ‘someone who provides a substantial level of care on a regular basis’ people who are under a contract of employment   are excluded. Carers for people with Dementia advocate for the development of person centered care which is one of the key ideas of the new culture of dementia care, which was formulated by the now deceased Tom Kitwood and the Bradford   Dementia group and professionals as well as researchers who used and disseminated Kitwood’s work. The idea of person centered care is helpful.† It reinforces the PERSON and   not the illness and when we consider the stigma associated with a diagnosis   of dementia and how the person can become invisible this concept is a very good way of redressing th is balance. It is felt that a person centered/relationship centered approach to care will help to promote social Inclusion we felt that it was also necessary to consider within the context of Relationship centered care It encourages people caring for people with Dementia, such as staff in residential homes to find out about the whole Person, their life history, likes and dislikes etc. which will then improve the Care given to the person with dementia, and also make caring for them easier. It is a well recognised fact that Carers play a significant role in providing Support to people with dementia. Quite often this support is unpaid or contracted out   with people frequently providing in excess of 50 hours per week with almost half of those providing such high levels of care being over 60 years of age. It is identified in the New Dementia Strategy (2009)that â€Å"family carers are often   old and frail themselves and have high levels of carer burden, depression and   Physical illness, and decreased quality of life†. Family carers need specific   Emotional and   practical support. Many family carers find the diagnosis of dementia traumatic. Where the family are the main carers, they must be offered a comprehensive Carer’s Assessment. Introduction As we all grow older, there is always the inkling of wonder about the illness of dementia, we have all witnessed it by either seeing our friends and family and neighbors somehow exhibiting   some form and symptoms of the Dementia illness, and we just wonder   if   they are sufferers?. As a psychiatric nurse i often become involved in the lives of carers of people with Dementia usualy when a change or a   crisis occurs, involving either the person cared for or the   carer which by then the family find it hard to manage   by themselves. I have come to realise that the carers often give up many of their outside interests rearrange or reorganize the home or even getting some neighbours   for an hour or two to provide a sitting service for them   to catch up with sleep and other necessary chores. This type of contribution from the carer I have come to acknowledge and to see it as recourses which have made me see the carer of a person with dementia in a different light. The support and care for older people with mental health needs as well as their carers had become the gradual responsibility of a constellation of   statutory agencies in as much as volutantary   organisation s and the independent   companies. Research suggests there has been a cultural change in the role of the carer. Carers don’t choose to become carers: it just happens and they have to get on with it; if they did not do it, who would and what Would happen to the person they care for. In my current working Environment I have come across â€Å"The Essex, Strategy for Dementia 2011- 2014 which is based on national guidance set out in living well with dementia: A National Dementia Strategy,2009 (NDS), the subsequent Department of Health Quality Outcomes for people with Dementia   and the NICE Quality Standard for Dementia The purpose of the Strategy is to provide an overarching statement of how the Objectives are met. With the new concepts and new statutes coming out for the Carers of people with Dementia I decided to under take a review on the Impact on Carers for caring for a person with Dementia as this is still a forgotten issue. I am hoping to empower myself with the information gathered to get a better understanding and insight into my named topic and also to determine if this is a Burden to the carer or it is simply an impact   to the carer. There used to be sparce information on the role of the carer, but now there is an abundance of literature to support. With a better understanding of the subject topic I am hoping to share my findings with my colleagues   and carers that might benefit from the little I may have gathered. Dementia Dementia is most commonly misunderstood in terms of what it is, who is affected and what the causes is. Definitions of Dementia have become more precise and to the point in the last twenty years or so, the current diagnostic criteria for Dementia mainly refer to the multiple cognitive and intellectual deficiencies. The term Dementia which derives from the Latin word â€Å"Demes† which translates into English as out of one’s mind .This is commonly used as though there was only one illness or disease.(  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ). Dementia describes signs and symptoms that transpire when the brain is affected by a number of specific diseases and conditions. According to the definition given in the revised version of the International Classification   Of Diseases (WHO 2010) ‘Dementia is a syndrome due to disease of the brain, usually of a chronic or progressive nature’ further explained as an acquired   and   usually irreversible disorder which is commonly regarded as a disease of the old age of 65 years plus. This highlights that most of the research has concentrated on elderly sufferers possibly to the detriment of the younger suffers and their careers. In 2006 the Alzheimer’s Society commissioned the London School of Economics and the Institute of Psychiatry at King’s College London to produce a report on dementia in the UK. The research team was commissioned to provide the most up-to-date evaluation of the numbers of people with dementia in the UK, projections on numbers of people in the future and to explain the financial cost of dementia Health and social policy makers need accurate estimates of the numbers of people who currently have dementia and those who will develop it in the future in order to plan the services needed to support them. The research that underpins this report has used a methodology known as the Expert Delphi Consensus to produce the best possible estimates using currently available research data.   Dilip V et al 92010) Ten leading UK and European experts systematically reviewed the evidence base and reached a consensus that:   The prevalence of both young onset and late onset dementia increases with age, doubling with every five-year increase across the age range. The prevalence of young onset dementia (under 65 years old) was adjudged to be higher in men than in women for those aged 50–65, while late onset dementia was considered to be marginally more prevalent in women than in men. Alzheimer’s disease was considered to be the dominant subtype,   particularly among older people, and in women. Frontotemporal dementia was considered to account for a substantial proportion of young onset cases among younger men. The report estimates that there are 11,392 people from black and minority ethnic groups with dementia. It is noteworthy that 6.1% of all people with dementia among Black and minority ethnic (BME) groups are young onset,   compared with only 2.2% for the UK population as a whole, reflecting the   younger age profile of BME communities. The prevalence of dementia among people in institutions varied little by age or gender, increasing from 55.6% among those aged 65–69 to 64.8% in those aged 95 and over. The consensus group also generated estimates of the prevalence of dementia among all those aged 65 years and over living in EMI (elderly mentally infirm) homes (79.9%), nursing homes (66.9%) and residential care homes (52.2%). The proportion of deaths attributable to dementia increases steadily from 2% at age 65 to a peak of 18% at age 85–89 in men, and from 1% at age 65 to a peak of 23% at age 85–89 in women. Overall, 10% of deaths in men over 65 years, and 15% of deaths in women over 65 years may be attributable to dementia. Annually, 59,685 deaths among the over 65s might have been averted if dementia were not present in the   population. The majority of these deaths occurred among those aged 80–95 years. Delaying the onset of dementia by five years would halve the number of UK deaths due to dementia to 30,000 a year. It is   estimated   that there are now 683,597 people with dementia in the United Kingdom. This represents one person in every 88 (1.1%) of the entire UK population. For simplicity the Alzheimer’s Society(2001) will be using the figure 700,000 for people with dementia in the UK in public messages. The total number of people with dementia in the UK is forecast to increase to 940,110 by 2021 and 1,735,087 by 2051, an increase of 38% over the next 15   years and 154% over the next 45 years†. ( DEMENTIA UK 2011) The prevalence and incidence of Dementia is currently continuing to rise, according to the Department of Health’s statistics brought up in the new Dementia strategy of 2009 shows that both incident and prevalence of Dementia continue to rise in a linear manner among the patients who are over 65 years. Age continues to be the most important risk factor for dementia and it needs to be further understood of the role it plays for effective preventative an   therapeutic plans and strategies to be put in place for future development. There are about 700 000 people with dementia in the UK. Dementia has a big effect on our society; there are at least 15,000 people under 65 who have the illness. The number of people with dementia in minority ethnic groups is about 15,000 but this figure will rise as populations get older. Dementia makes the lives of people who have it, and the lives of their families and carers, very difficult. Department of Health (2009). Career The Role of the carer   is rarely chosen ,it is often thrust upon individuals as a consequence of a sudden illness, disability or accident of a family member . A carer is someone who provides unpaid care   by looking after someone else who can either be a family member or a relative, or maybe a friend who is either ill or frail or possibly have a disability. (CarersUK 2011) Carers save the economy  £87 billion per year an average of 315,260 per Carers Many people who are carers do not necessarily recognise themselves as carers. They are parents, children, partners, friends or neighbours doing what needs to be done to maintain the quality of life for those that they are looking after. They may not realise that support is available to them in their caring role. It is vital that carers are identified and supported. Carers provide unpaid care and support, involving, for example, personal care (washing, bathing, dressing, feeding,) cooking, shopping, housework and giving emotional support. Carers have the right to an assessment of their needs and may be able to get extra help and financial support. They can discuss this with a member of staff who can signpost them appropriately to the social work team. Carers should have the opportunity to be involved whatever their age, gender, sexuality, disability or religion. Many children are carers and should be acknowledged as such. The important part is recognising and valuing carers as partners in the well-being and recovery of the patient. Their involvement is important, not least because of the emotional bond between carers and the   people they care for. Good information enables carers to become partners in   the provision of care and supports them in best helping the person they care for. Carers are an important people in our society. Most health and Community care is provided by family, friends, and relatives. Statistics from the Charity Carers UK indicate that 1 in 8 adults are cares, which is about six million people in retrospect of the United Kingdom population. It is also estimated that by the year 2037 it’s anticipated that the number of carers will increase to 9 million. Every day another 6000 people take on the caring responsibility. The latest figures on carers are from the 2011 census, this indicates that the 6 million carers are actually 10% of the total population and approximately this is 12% of the adult population. The 2001 census showed that women are more likely to be carers than men, across the UK the number of female carers totals 58% than man 42%   Census Carers UK( 2001). Carers have achieved agreat deal in the last 15 years and it is essential that these gains are not lost or traded away in any new legal or policy initiative. One way which has been identified to charter these achievements is to plot them against the evolutionary scale pronounced by Twigg Artkin 1994. It is argued that the NHS and Community Care (1990) treated carers as a resourse valued only in terms of their ability to provide support , the act made no refernce to the rights for carers, relying instead opn the rhetoric of the guidance to deliver the message that they were valued. There are many impacts of caring for a person with Dementia, these vary from financial costs as caring can be significant, health, the impact of caring can be detrimental to the health of carers. The 2011 Census took place on 27 March 2011. Statistics obtained from a Census   improve the understanding of people’s needs. Government and local Authorities in England and Wales depend on this information to help ensure that citizens get the services they need in their community. Scotland had a separate census, which will also took place on 27 March 2011. The ONS distributed questionnaires in March to around 25 million households. The survey covered questions ranging from information about work, health, national identity, citizenship, ethnic background, education, second homes, language, marital status and so on. Carers needed to fill the Census 2011forms as it also inquired about carers and cared for. All information provided was kept in strictest confidence and only to be used to produce statistics. The answers were to be turned into statistics used to build a picture of today’s society. It was deemed simple If the census could not   see you, the organizations’ responsible for delivering the services you need would   not be able to see you either. Policies Some legislation have been achieved as a successful campaigning by numerous local and national organizations, such as the work and families act 2006, this act gave carers the right to request flexible   working times from their employer this came into effect around 2.65million carers. On 3rd of February 2009 the government published Living   well with Dementia, a new national Dementia strategy which sets out to plan for action that should benefit the half a million carers looking after someone. The National Carers Strategy published in June 2008 and sets out a ten year vision for government and public bodies. Carers like everyone else in the UK are entitled to rely on the protection of the Human Rights Act 1998. The Government’s National Strategy – Caring about Carers published in 1999 (http:www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics)   requires organisations to ensure inclusion of the carer as well as the individual patient or service user as partners and to give them real choices and control over the range, nature and timing of services. In June 2007, the DoH announced the introduction of a ‘New Deal for Carers’. This programme of work was a commitment in the DoH’s 2006 White Paper ‘Our Health, Our Care,Our Say’ . It includes proposals for a revision of the Prime Minister’s 1999 Carers Strategy, setting up: a help and advice telephone line; provision of cover in emergencies; and an expert carers’ programme. The UCLH Carers’ Policy has taken this new programe into account. A core principle of The NHS Plan (2000) states â€Å"The NHS will shape its services around the needs and preferences of individual patients, their families and their carers†. The Carers and Disabled Children Act (2000) means that carers have the right to be consulted about their willingness and / or ability to provide or continue to provide care for another person. ‘Being Open (National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) initiative, 2005) set out the obligation for trusts to be open and honest when communicating with patients and carers about the causes of any unexpected harm that resulted   from the treatment and care of patients.   The National Service Framework (NSF) for Older People (2001) standards set out the importance of information for carers. ‘Consent A Guide for Relatives and Carers’ (2001) states that friends and relatives cannot make decisions on behalf of patients who cannot decide for themselves. Even so they may be able to tell health professionals about the person’s opinions and beliefs, for example if they have strong views about particular health conditions or treatments. In the case of children and young people , parents/guardians are able to consent for their children. However children and young people are also able to consent for themselves if they are deemed competent and capable of informed decision making. Please see the UCLH Consent Policy and Procedure for further guidance to staff on this issue. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 allows a person to use a LPA (Lasting Powers of Attorney) to appoint someone to act on their behalf if they should lose capacity in the future. This is like the Enduring Power of Attorney (EPA), but the Act expanded this to allow people to let an attorney make health and welfare decisions. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 took effect from April 2007. The Act provides a statutory framework to empower and protect patients who have made Advance Decisions commonly known as Living Wills. Please refer to the UCLH Policy on Advance Decisions (Living Wills) about Treatment and Care for guidance to staff on this issue The Carers Equal Opportunities Act (2004) promotes the health and welfare Of carers and states all carers’ needs should be assessed by their local council taking into account the carers’ wishes to work or undertake any education, training or leisure activities. Impact/Burden of Caring When caring roles have become well established their impact on the   lives of carers and their family can be very significant. Most carer identify that caring had impacted negatively on their health and wellbeing ,mainly focusing on some reporting having suffered from a range of illness including Arthritis, high blood pressure, diabetes, chronic fatigue/fibromyalgia and IBS exacerbated by their caring role (carers Scotland 2011) Almost half the carers interviewed reported that their condition had started after they began caring . The 2001 Census findings found out that those caring for 50 hours a week or more are twice likely to be in poor health as those not caring 21% against 11%. Income and finances continue to be a factor in affecting carers health and wellbeing. Other factors contributing to poor health amongst carers are low incomes and lack of breaks. Giving and receiving care is an essential part of each person’s humanity crucial for the well being of the overall society fabric, often you see carers feel unsupported with their needs unrecognized and their contribution taken for granted.(Stiell et al 2006) According to research by Carers Uk Finacial costs of caring can be significant .72% of carers wee found to be worse off financially as a result of becoming   carers. The reasons cited for this include the additional costs of disability, giving up work to care , the inadequacy of disability benefits and the charges for services Once a diagnosis has been established and appropriate medical treatment initiated, more long term patterns of care may need to be considered. Any form of intervention needs to be guided by an understanding of what dementia is. (British journal of medical psychology, 1998). More in general the impact of caring for a person with Dementia is highlighted by a few more aspects mainly the change in behaviour presenting challenging behaviours,loss of recognition of people, loss of the person also known as the living bereavement, spouses often become labelled as carers when they wish to be seen as husband or wife leading to the loss of identity. One of the biggest impacts is the loss of freedom and flexibility to have a life because the constant role of looking after someone and limiting what you can do and where you can go. There is also the lack of understanding by society as a whole. The goal of good dementia care should be to improve people’s sense of well being the inner resources available to them and to lift their quality of life just as valid a set of therapeutic aims as cure. Because the giving of care is often seen as a matter of common sense, rather than as a complex, sophisticated and subtle process, there is a high use of unpaid carers. The diversity of this network is illustrated by the cost estimates for dementias in the UK ranging from  £1 billion to over  £14 billion per year ( Bosanquet colleagues 1998). If we are to transform quality of life we need to empower service users and their carers   to make choices about what they want and enabling them to care for themselves and putting them and their carers at the heart of planning . What about the impact? The impact that is experienced or needed will vary over the course of the illness and from person to person and family to family. The most common areas the carers would need assistance with would be a key person to contact when help is needed. Empathetic understanding of   the problems for both the person with dementia and the carer. A chance for the family carer to understand   the experience of the person with dementia, which helps them to cope better. Quite often situations affecting the carers and even the person with dementia raise ethical problems   such as issues around truth telling and reality orientation how to respond to things such as the person   in their 80s who belives their parents are still alive. Peoples understanding of dementia from family to family are different   Regardless of the ethnic, cultural or social group they belong to. However we   have identified a number of concerns regarding how different groups understand dementia and access services People from BME groups are often more reluctant to approach services for help/support and diagnosis The understanding of dementia as an illness is variable amongst different communities and cultures some view it as something to be ashamed of and hidden.   The common misconception amongst professional teams about BME families and communities â€Å"looking after their own†   The lack of culturally appropriate services. This ranges from carers in the home to carers in care homes Some Admiral nurses have noticed that some cultural groups are reluctant to accept respite services; this could be linked to the lack of culturally appropriate services.   Nurses identified that some assessment tools used to assess dementia are not culturally appropriate. The use of interpreters for assessment is problematic, a number of nurses spoke about the difficulties involved in assessing a client using an interpreter. The Nurses questioned the training of the interpreters used and wondered about levels of awareness of the importance of even slight differences in the way they interpreted answers could make. Literature review Studies used and research methods(general) Studies Results Discussion Conclusion Reference List

Free Essays on The Miseducation Of The Negro

â€Å"The Mis-Education of the Negro† In the book â€Å"The Mis-Education of The Negro†, Carter G. Woodson discussed the only way he feels socialization can be promoted in today’s society. Woodson discusses how we were taught as African Americans to think of ourselves. We were taught to think of ourselves as people without any background, no culture or foundation so we feel we have no type of self worth. He talks of about race superiority. Leading back to the days of slavery, the white race was privileged over the African American race. African Americans can never be reprimanded for the days of slavery no matter how much it is tried to. It is not to say the white race did not have its trials and tribulations but what happened years ago still affects us today. It is said the African American race is misunderstood and the misunderstanding lead to various stereotypes aimed against black people by whites. I feel Woodson is implying that we as African American need to be taught our history, foundation and culture not only once a year (Black History Month) but everyday. Most importantly don’t teach it only to Black people but to everybody so that they to can see African American as who we really are Beautiful people who do have some type of self worth and history. I believe what Woodson is trying to say is in order to promote socialization among all races there must be equality. No one race must have superiority over any other race. Up until this day African Americans are discriminated against when looking for jobs, shopping, looking to buy homes, and when driving down the street. When people is consistently taught or treated a certain way they may then see it as right Being mistreated because of race isn’t right . Giving superiority to any one race is wrong whether it is African Americans or White Americans.... Free Essays on The Miseducation Of The Negro Free Essays on The Miseducation Of The Negro â€Å"The Mis-Education of the Negro† In the book â€Å"The Mis-Education of The Negro†, Carter G. Woodson discussed the only way he feels socialization can be promoted in today’s society. Woodson discusses how we were taught as African Americans to think of ourselves. We were taught to think of ourselves as people without any background, no culture or foundation so we feel we have no type of self worth. He talks of about race superiority. Leading back to the days of slavery, the white race was privileged over the African American race. African Americans can never be reprimanded for the days of slavery no matter how much it is tried to. It is not to say the white race did not have its trials and tribulations but what happened years ago still affects us today. It is said the African American race is misunderstood and the misunderstanding lead to various stereotypes aimed against black people by whites. I feel Woodson is implying that we as African American need to be taught our history, foundation and culture not only once a year (Black History Month) but everyday. Most importantly don’t teach it only to Black people but to everybody so that they to can see African American as who we really are Beautiful people who do have some type of self worth and history. I believe what Woodson is trying to say is in order to promote socialization among all races there must be equality. No one race must have superiority over any other race. Up until this day African Americans are discriminated against when looking for jobs, shopping, looking to buy homes, and when driving down the street. When people is consistently taught or treated a certain way they may then see it as right Being mistreated because of race isn’t right . Giving superiority to any one race is wrong whether it is African Americans or White Americans....

Referencing Translated Sources (APA, MLA, and Chicago) - Proofed

Referencing Translated Sources (APA, MLA, and Chicago) - Proofed Referencing Translated Sources (APA, MLA, and Chicago) Poor translators. Without them, we English speakers wouldn’t be able to read sources written in other languages. But are we grateful? Not if the reference lists we see are anything to go by, as most people forget to include translators’ names. So, whether you’re reading Nietzsche, Proust, or Sun Tzu, join us for a quick look at how to reference translated sources in APA, MLA, and Chicago referencing. APA Referencing In APA referencing, if citing translated sources, you need to include the translator’s name in the reference list. This involves giving their name plus â€Å"Trans.† after the source title: Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison (A. Sheridan, Trans.). London, England: Penguin Books. (N.B. We’re using bold text to highlight the translator in these examples, but you don’t have to do this in your own work!) MLA Referencing For translated sources in an MLA list, you should give the name of the translator after the words â€Å"Translated by† before the publication information. For instance: Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan, Penguin Books, 1977. If you are focusing specifically on the translation of a text, you can even give the translator’s name in the first position: Sheridan, Alan, translator. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. By Michel Foucault, Penguin Books, 1977. However, you should only do this if you are primarily interested in the translation. This will usually be because you’re discussing two translations of a single source or writing about translation itself. Chicago Referencing (Author–Date) The format for translated sources in Chicago referencing depends on the referencing style you’re using. With author–date referencing, you only name the translator in the reference list. The format here is: Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. London: Penguin Books. Chicago Referencing (Footnotes and Bibliography) With Chicago footnote citations, you need to name the translator in the first footnote and in the bibliography. For the footnote, the format to use is as follows: 1. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (London: Penguin Books, 1977), 91-93. Repeat citations use a shortened footnote, which doesn’t include the translator’s name. But the translator should be included in the bibliography at the end of the document. The information here is the same as in the first footnote, although the format is slightly different: Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. London: Penguin Books, 1977. Whichever system you’re using, though, remember to get your work checked by a professional before submitting it. This will make sure that all sources are referenced correctly!

DQ1cc, DQ2ab, DQ3CC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DQ1cc, DQ2ab, DQ3CC - Essay Example A probability can be defined as a numerical measure of the likelihood that a specific event will occur or not (Mann, 1995). Some of the different approaches to probability include classical probability, relative frequency concept of probability, and subjective probability. The use of probability is widely applied in the business world due to the fact that probability is a statistical method of a numerical chance of the occurrence of an event. For instance a company can use probability to determine whether to invest in a derivative instrument based on the changes of a commodity going up. For the application of probability to be valid the data inserted into the model must be up to date and accurate. For instance if a governmental agency attempts to predict the future behavior of the unemployment rate it would not be wise to use data from the 1950’s to insert into the probability model. The correct approach would be to use current unemployment data. â€Å"From principles is deri ved probability, but truth or certainty is obtained only from facts† (Stoppard, 2012). Probability can be used by individuals and managers in different scenarios. A place where probability is constantly used by players is in casinos. Casino games have different probabilities of winning. For instance the casino game that has the higher probability for the player is blackjack which offers a probability of 51% for the house and 49% for the player. Managers should use probability in their decision making process. A manager should not accept any decisions that have a probability of less than 50% of occurrence. Companies can establish decision making policies based on a minimum probability threshold. If I was choosing between two options one which had high probability and one with a low probability I would choose the option with the high probability due to the fact that chances of that option occurring are higher. The option with

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Microeconomics - Essay Example This paper discusses the concept of monopolistic competition using a variety of theories and real data. It also presents an existing case where specific aspects of monopolistic competition can be highlighted. Monopolistic competition refers to a market characterized by many firms that offer similar products but not identical. The products and services can be considered as substitutes but not complete identical to each other. This aspect means that the cross-price elasticity of demand is huge but not infinite. The firms in this kind of competition can enter the market freely as well as exit freely when they please. It is effortless for new organizations to enter the market with own brands. Similarly, firms that have been in the market for long can also leave when their products become unprofitable (Morton & Goodman, 2003:203). Monopolistic competition is like a monopoly because the organizations in this market have a downward-sloping demand curve meaning that the prices exceed the marginal cost. Organizations that exist in monopolistic competition markets have similar rules to monopolies in terms of profit maximization. They choose the output level where the marginal cost and the marginal revenue are similar and they set their prices by looking at the demand curve so that the goods produced must be bought by the customers (Zhelobodko, Kokovin, Parenti & Thisse, 2012:2765) There are different theories that explain monopolistic competition. First, the Krugman model (1980) offers a formal description of the profits gained from a particular form of trade in the absence of comparative advantage (Bertoleti & Etro, 2014: 459). This model was branded a new trade theory because it influenced a lot of research on trade and industrial organization between the 1980s and 1990s. The Krugman model explains that product differentiation at the firm level leads to monopolistic competition because such competition comes about when

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Plan - Essay Example By combining these two measures you will be able to significantly increase your annual profits. Essentially the goal for any business is to increase yearly sales. How do you accomplish this with a product that is already competitively priced? You do this by creating an online presence. Nearly everything is digital these days, why shouldn’t your company be? A business webpage allows users to easily access all the information they are looking for about your products and services. You can also easily add a cart allowing customers to shop directly from your site. This is where you can compete with your prices by offering discounts for bulk purchases and have specific sections geared for businesses and schools. Another valuable hint about creating an automated system is you can reach a larger community. Rather than only focusing on your specific city, you will be able to reach millions around the globe. You could potential double your yearly sales by simply having a virtual store. In today’s ever growing technology, no business will survive without a functioning website. Paperclips are virtually the most inexpensive and multi fictional item on the market today. Here’s where we are proposing you expand your target market by offering specialty items. What we mean by this is rather than sticking to the same old plastic and metals.

Role of Barriers and Technology in Globalization Essay

Role of Barriers and Technology in Globalization - Essay Example The gradual reduction of these barriers has helped lead to the process of globalization by allowing for a more free flow goods & services across boundaries. However, according to Micklethwait and Wooldridge (2003) the reduction of barriers is not an easy process. Often times it requires the passing of serious legislation and laws over long periods of time. From this perspective one could argue that globalization does not occur in leaps and bounds, rather it is a slow and arduous process insofar as there is not one moment that could be pinpointed as the catalyst for globalization. Moreover, the process requires a great deal of goodwill from nations to help ensure that nations remain in good standing with each other, such as the U.S. passing of the Mashall plan to help build Europe as a strong trading partner. Another major contributing factor of globalization is the role of technology. Much like the reduction of trade barriers there is no one single source of technological innovation that is the sole contributor of globalization. Rather it is a series of several new technologies that contribute to globalization. One of the major new technologies is improved communication channels. By having access to telephones, fax machines, email, the internet, instant messaging, mobile telephone devices etc., there comes an increased transparency.

Comparative Analysis of Million dollar Baby and A Small, Good Thing Essay

Comparative Analysis of Million dollar Baby and A Small, Good Thing - Essay Example X. Toole's "Million $$$ Baby" and the connection of the Weisses and the baker in Raymond Carver's "A Small, Good Thing." The characters of Frankie Dunn and the baker both find themselves making a moral choice. For Frankie, he must choose whether to act upon Maggie's request for euthanasia. Maggie first won his respect by through her own dedication to boxing, the sport that he loves; through the rise and collapse of her career, Frankie has come to view her like a daughter. Frankie's initial hesitation in training Maggie hinged around his dislike of seeing a woman get hurt, and it is this chivalrous instinct that gnaws at him when Maggie becomes quadriplegic and suicidal. The baker also has a moral foundation for his actions: he comments working that 2/3 of his day is spent working in the bakery. He has every right to expect payment for his work but perhaps not the right to seek restitution in the manner that he does. When the baker is informed of the child's death, he is appropriately chagrinned to have made the harassing phone calls. With what little humanity he is able to salvage, the baker offers th e Weiss couple food, observing that "Eating is a small, good thing in a time like this." (Carver 88). By this he acknowledges that some things in life cannot be changed, but can only be endured. Food will comfort and sustain the body, giving it the strength to continue. Frankie's choice bears a greater price: as a reformed Catholic, he understands that he damns his soul through assisting Maggie with suicide. His love for her overrides the sacrifice of his soul - and hers as well - to help her escape the suffering. Maggie's relationship with Frankie develops from that of mentor and trainer to father figure. With the loss of her father at the age of 12, Maggie has floated without direction for most of her life until discovering boxing and, through it, Frankie Dunn. In comparison to her sycophantic relatives, Frankie is the only person who genuinely cares for Maggie. When Maggie attempts suicide by biting off her tongue, Frank realizes the extent of her anguish. She has explained to him the story of her father putting the dog out of its misery; when she lies there as tongue-less as her father became, the parallel is complete. He has taught her how to balance, how to move, even how to breathe and now she needs him to allow her to die. Frank understands her need, and, just as he was the only one who could help her to realize her dreams, he is the only one she can ask to end her pain. The roles are essentially reversed with the Weiss couple and their son. They are unable to communicate with him and can only pray for his recovery. The harassing phone calls from the baker prove to be a blessing in disguise, for it is the only distraction they have from ruminating about the status of the Scotty. When the child dies, the recognition and confrontation at the bakery proves to actually be a cathartic experience for the parents. Ann Weiss explaining how she wanted the baker dead is intriguing, both for its implication of transference, but especially because of the past tense used. Through illuminating the baker of Scotty's demise, the parents are able to release some small amount of their own pain. They are even able to empathize as the baker bares his soul by describing his own loneliness due to lack of children. While